The England national football team, whose home venue is Wembley Stadium, played Scotland in the first ever international football match in 1872. [179][180][181] Wind power contributed 15% of UK electricity generation in 2017. [390][391] Trina Gulliver is the ten-time Women's World Professional Darts Champion of the British Darts Organisation. [168] Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. [363][364] The European Cup (now UEFA Champions League) has been won by several English clubs. [273] Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class (1st), upper second class (2:1), lower second class (2:2), third (3rd), and unclassified. Lancashire hotpot is a well-known stew originating in the northwest. and Chelsea F.C. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. [319], The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. [18] The earliest recorded use of the term, as "Engla londe", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. [376] The top level of club participation is the English Premiership. The world leader in compact satellite systems, Surrey Satellite Technology, is also part of Astrium. [173], By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium. The Independent. [184] Between 2007 and 2015, the UK's peak electrical demand fell from 61.5 GW to 52.7.GW.[185][186]. [159] The Father of Railways, George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. Get your fashion, beauty and celeb fix with Grazia Daily. [7][8][9] It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. Traditional English dessert dishes include apple pie or other fruit pies; spotted dick – all generally served with custard; and, more recently, sticky toffee pudding. [337] Famous for recording many motion picture film scores, the London Symphony Orchestra first performed film music in 1935. [320] Some of the best-known songs are Greensleeves, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others. [11] The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. [nb 2] He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the 1535–1542 acts. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attend private schools, which are funded by private sources. [193], National Health England (NHS England) is the publicly funded healthcare system responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. [33] The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000. [35][36][37] In the 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (now York), where Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the thermosiphon, tarmac, the rubber band, the mousetrap, "cat's eye" road marker, joint development of the light bulb, steam locomotives, the modern seed drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision engineering. The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. Other Pagan paths, such as Druidism, and general "Pagan" have not been included in this number. [207][208][209] However, other geneticists place the Germanic estimate up to half. [178], Successive UK governments have outlined numerous commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. COLLET Code name for French agent. These stories are most centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). Get directions - link to get directions to the selected Burberry storeOpens a new tab +44 207 225 6584 - link to call the selected Burberry store. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. The rent was one million francs a year, subject to the condition that he spend thirty million francs renovating the house. [386] Red Rum is also the best-known racehorse in the country.[387]. [40] Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the Battle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, over-running the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under Brittonic control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. [332], England (and the UK as a whole) has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, including Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin, David Lean, Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, John Gielgud, Peter Sellers, Julie Andrews, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Helen Mirren, Kate Winslet and Daniel Day-Lewis. Thanks in large part to the British Empire, the English language is the world's unofficial lingua franca.[236]. [378] There are both professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: the PGA and the European Tour. UK government energy policy aims to play a key role in limiting greenhouse gas emissions, whilst meeting energy demand. [306], In the 19th century, Constable and Turner were major landscape artists. [34] This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman architecture, aqueducts, sewers, many agricultural items and silk. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion. The Galeries Lafayette Haussmann opened in 1894, and a location designed to catch Paris’s moneyed bourgeoisie. England has produced grand slam winners: Cyril Walker, Tony Jacklin, Nick Faldo, and Justin Rose in the men's and Laura Davies, Alison Nicholas, and Karen Stupples in the women's. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under Æthelstan in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by Eadred in 953. [323] One of his four Coronation Anthems, Zadok the Priest, composed for the coronation of George II, has been performed at every subsequent British coronation, traditionally during the sovereign's anointing. The longest motorway in England is the M6, from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km). A romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend. [21] How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony between the Weser and Eider rivers in Northern Germany. [385] In women's boxing, Nicola Adams became the world's first woman to win an Olympic boxing gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. There are many motorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle[166] (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue spoken by 98% of the population. on 2 occasions, Aston Villa F.C. [251] Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral, and Salisbury Cathedral. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's Geographia there were around 20 tribes in the area. [321] Traditional English Christmas carols include "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", "The First Noel", “I Saw Three Ships” and "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen". Bags. This Celtic Church was gradually joined to the Catholic hierarchy following the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by St Augustine. [92] Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism. [122] However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length. [227] Debate over immigration is politically prominent;[228] 80% of respondents in a 2009 Home Office poll wanted to cap it. Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars (although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Land Rover, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley), crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages. Britain's trade deficit was reduced by 8% due to substantial cuts in energy imports. [38], There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. [274] Many of England's most well-known schools, such as Winchester College, Eton, St Paul's School, Harrow School and Rugby School are fee-paying institutions. More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the founder of conservatism. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries, have been created, such as chicken tikka masala and balti. England is one of the world's leading fishing nations. [312] Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including scientific method and social contract. [128] Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) on 25 July 2019 at the Botanic Garden in Cambridge,[129] while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire. Gardening, visiting gardens, and a love for gardens are regarded as typically English pursuits. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books. [199] Several other countries either copy the U.K.'s model or directly rely on Britain's assessments for their own decisions on state-financed drug reimbursements. Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas Tallis and William Byrd, followed up by Henry Purcell from the Baroque period. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism. However, the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems: [263] School uniforms are defined by individual schools, within the constraint that uniform regulations must not discriminate on the grounds of sex, race, disability, sexual orientation, gender reassignment, religion or belief. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates. Ground Floor, Fine Jewelry. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords. [248] Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England, as it has been since the Early Middle Ages, although it was first introduced much earlier in Gaelic and Roman times. [66][67] He styled himself King of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law. Julian of Norwich, who wrote Revelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. [124], Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when the King of Scots, James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating a personal union. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. By the 15th century, English was back in fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. Voir la fiche. Some of the more popular cheeses are Cheddar, Red Leicester, Wensleydale, Double Gloucester and Blue Stilton. That easily surpasses the pre-pandemic performance of London’s famous department store Harrods, or even the vast, 1,300-outlet Dubai Mall. [68] Under the auspices of King James VI and I the Authorised King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. [nb 4] Since the late 1990s, many English people have migrated to Spain. A name is a noun, but a very special noun - a proper noun. [356] Referred to as the "home of football" by FIFA, England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup, and won the tournament by defeating West Germany 4–2 in the final, with Geoff Hurst scoring a hat-trick. 1", municipal population was also the largest in the EU, "2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group: local authorities in England and Wales", Region and Country Profiles, Key Statistics and Profiles, October 2013, "Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland – Office for National Statistics", "2011 Census: Population and Household Estimates for England and Wales, March 2011", "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland", Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom), "Regional gross value added (income approach), UK: 1997 to 2018, December 2015", "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements (Page 11)", International Organization for Standardization, 2011 Census – Population and household estimates for England and Wales, March 2011, "The Partition Of Ireland: A Short History", "Palaeolithic Archaeology Teaching Resource Box", "Tertiary Rivers: Tectonic and structural background", "Function and significance of Bell Beaker pottery according to data from residue analyses", "Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD", "Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English", "The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland", "Royal Navy History, Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy", "The term "Great Britain" in the Middle Ages", "Obituaries: Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle", "The coming of the Tudors and the Act of Union", "Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly", "Gordon Brown pressed on English parliament", "English votes for English laws' plan by Tories", "Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom", "Tiers shed as regional government offices disappear", Department for Communities and Local Government, "North West England & Isle of Man: climate", "Met Office confirms new UK record temperature of 38.7°C", https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/ReportConditionSummary.aspx?SiteType=NNR, "BBC Nature – Hare videos, news and facts", "The Complete Guide To: Cathedral cities in the UK", "Global Financial Centres Index, 2009–03", https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedbalanceduk/1998to2017/pdf, "The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform", "Personal allowance: Osborne's budget has been far from generous", "The Bank's relationship with Parliament", "New aerospace technologies to get £365 million funding", "Born to fly: the real value of UK aerospace manufacture", "Reasons to be cheerful about the UK aerospace sector", "World Guide – England – Economy Overview", "27 September 1825 – Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway", "Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled", "HS2: When will the line open and how much will it cost? [156] The main crops that are grown are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. [260] State-run and state-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren. Acts such as The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Queen, Rod Stewart, David Bowie, The Rolling Stones and Def Leppard are among the highest-selling recording artists in the world. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill. The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West, and London. [147], The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the United Kingdom's central bank. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England. Students may then opt to continue into further education for two years. Harrods London CHW. Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe – as of 2014[update] the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to £31,865 above the personal tax-free allowance (normally £10,000), and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount. [247], In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they were Muslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer. have both won the trophy once. Some English students study an apprenticeship to learn skilled trades and pursue T-levels to progress towards skilled employment, further study or a higher apprenticeship. These figures are slightly lower than the combined figures for England and Wales as Wales has a higher level of irreligion than England. Shop the latest women's clothes at Missguided and keep your style game strong with the freshest threads landing daily. [275], Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period; amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg. – in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the United Kingdom (green). [nb 7] The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653; a period of personal rule followed. Fred Perry was the last Englishman to win Wimbledon in 1936. [66] To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to the Norman Conquest in 1066, accomplished by an army led by Duke William of Normandy. [153], BAE Systems makes large sections of the Typhoon Eurofighter at its sub-assembly plant in Salmesbury and assembles the aircraft for the RAF at its Warton plant, near Preston. Marvell was the best-known poet of the Commonwealth,[313] while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration. [210][211] Over time, various cultures have been influential: Prehistoric, Brythonic,[212] Roman, Anglo-Saxon,[213] Viking (North Germanic),[214] Gaelic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. [49] The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence. Later that year, the London-based Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, the then owner of Harrods, signed a fifty-year lease on the villa. [80][81] England maintained relative stability throughout the French Revolution; William Pitt the Younger was British Prime Minister for the reign of George III. Any doubts that Harrods may pull out of plans to open a beauty store in the Buckinghamshire town, or further delay its arrival due to the Covid pandemic, are unfounded. [174] There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by the Canal & River Trust,[174] however, water transport is very limited. [125], In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago.